Английский язык для медиков: конспект лекций - Беликова Елена (книги хорошего качества TXT) 📗
Nails, like hair, are a modified stratum corneum of the epidermis. They contain hard keratin that forms in a manner similar to the formation of hair. Cells continually proliferate and keratinize from the stratum basale of the nail matrix.
New words
cutaneous – кожный
appendace – покров
coiled – намотанный
tubular – трубчатый
widely – широко
to distribute – распространять
columnar-like – колоночноподобный
pyramidal – пирамидальный
surface – поверхность
duct portions – части трубочки
corkscrew-shaped – имеющий форму штопора
luminal – люминал
thermal – тепловой
innervation – иннервация
abundant – в изобилии
to facilitate – облегчать
Часто, при первом упоминании предмета, тем не менее не рекомендуется перед ним употреблять определенный артикль:
1) если упоминаемый предмет является единственным в мире:
Е. g. The sun is shining brightly;
2) если этот предмет является определенным по ситуации:
Е. g. Put the book on the table.
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. What's… weather like today? -… weather is fine.
2… sun is yellow.
3… sky is grey today.
4… earth is… planet.
5. We had… English lesson yesterday… teacher asked me many… questions… questions were difficult.
6. Where is your… brother? – He is at… home. He is in his… room. He is sitting at… table. He is doing his… homework… homework is difficult.
7. Our… cat is sitting on… sofa.
8. It is very dark in… room. Turn on… light, please.
9. Nick went into… bathroom, turned on… water and washed his hands.
10. This is… good… book. Take… book from… table. Put this… book into… bookcase.
11… weath er is fine today… sky is blue… sun is shining brightly in… blue… sky.
12. This is… boy… boy is… school. He is… pupil.
13. This… boy is my… brother's friend.
14. He has… cat, but he has no. dog.
15. He likes his…cat.
16. He gives. cat… milk every day.
17. Yesterday I received… letter from my… friend… letter was interesting.
18. We live in… big house. I like… house very much.
19. Are you. worker? – No, I am… student.
20. Is this… table? – Yes, this is a table.
Answer the questions.
1. What are all derivatives of the epidermis?
2. What do secretory portions consist of?
3. How much do secretory portions extend?
4. What are duct portions composed of?
5. In what regulation are glands important?
6. What is surrounded by myoepithelial cells?
7. What is the result in the holocrine mechanism of secretion?
8. What are duct portions of sebaceous glands composed of?
9. What does each hair derive from?
10. What contain hard keratin?
Make the sentences of your own using the new words (10 sentences).
Find the definite and indefinite articles in the text.
Find one word, which is a little bit different in meaning from others (найдите одно слово, которое немного отличается от других по смыслу):
1) a) cutaneous; b) skin; c) face;
2) a) cold; b) heat; c) thermal;
3) a) mouth; b) nose; c) arm;
4) a) nail; b) hair; c) skin;
5) a) neck; b) head; c) string.
ЛЕКЦИЯ № 6. Matter
Matter is anything that occupies space, possesses mass and can be perceived by our sense organs. It exists in nature in three, usually inter convertible physical states: solids, liquids and gases. For instance, ice, water and steam are respectively the solid, liquid and gaseous states of water. Things in the physical world are made up of a relatively small number of basic materials combined in various ways. The physical material of which everything that we can see or touch is made is matter. Matter exists in three different states: solid, liquid and gaseous. Human senses with the help of tools allow us to determine the properties of matter. Matter can undergo a variety of changes – physical and chemical, natural and controlled.
Chemistry and physics deal with the study of matter, its properties, changes and transformation with energy. There are two kinds of properties: physical – colour, taste, odour, density, hardness, solubility and ability to conduct electricity and heat; in solids the shape of their crystals is significant, freezing and boiling points of liquids.
Chemical properties are the changes in composition undergone by a substance when it is subjected to various conditions. The various changes may be physical and chemical. The physical properties are temporary. In a chemical change the composition of the substance is changed and new products are formed. Chemical properties are permanent.
It is useful to classify materials as solid, liquid or gas (though water, for example, exists as solid (ice), as liquid (water) and as gas (water vapour). The changes of state described by the terms solidify (freeze), liquify (melt), vapourise (evaporate) and condense are examples of physical changes. After physical change there is still the same material. Water is water whether it is solid, liquid or gas. Also, there is still the same mass of material. It is usually easy to reverse a physical change.
New words
matter – материя
anything – все
to occupy – занимать
space – пространство
to possesses – владеть, обладать
mass – масса
sense – чувство
organ – орган
steam – пар
to exist – существовать
can – мочь
to undergo – подвергать
variety – разнообрзие
change – перемена
physical – физический
chemical – химический
natural – природный
transformation – трансформация
colour – цвет
taste – вкус
odour – запах
density – плотность
hardness – твердость
solubility – растворимость
ability – возможность
to conduct – проводить
permanent – постоянный
Существует огромное количество так называемых застывших словосочетаний, в которых артикль употребляется или отсутствует традиционно. Эти словосочетания приходится заучивать наизусть.
Запомните следующие конструкции.
There is a…
Where is the…?
Запомните также следующие предложения.
The (book) is on the (table).
Ho: The (book) is on a little (table).
Вставьте артикль, где необходимо.
1. Where is… soup? -… soup is in… big saucepan on… gas-cooker.
2. Where are… cut lets? -… cutlets are in… refrigerator on… lit tle plate.
3. There is no… bread on… table. Where In… bread?
4. There is… little brown coffee-table in our… room in… front of… sofa.
5. Where is… table in your… room?
6. There is… thick carpet on… floor in my mother's room.
7. Is your brother at… home? – No, he is at… work. He works at… big factory. He is… engineer.
8. My sister has many… books… books are in… big bookcase.
9… weather is fine today. Let's go and play in… yard.
10. There are many… children in… yard. They are playing with… ball.
11. Where is… cat? -… cat is on… sofa.
12. Where is… book? -… book is on… shelf.
13. Where are… flowers? -… flowers are in… beautiful vase.
14. Where is… vase? -… vase is on… little table near… window.
15. Open… win dow, please… weather is fine today.
16. I can see… sun in… sky. I can see… nice little bird… bird is sitting in… big tree… tree is green.
